During the Time Men Live Without a Common Power to Keep...

This quote from Thomas Hobbes ‘Leviathan, summarizes his opinion of the natural condition of mankind as concerning their felicity and misery. He basically suggests a natural impulse for war embedded in the souls of men who do not have a ruler, or a king. They are without bounds, and without limits. It is a state of anarchy that he envisages. He believes that ‘Nature hath made men so equal that ‘one man can claim to himself any benefit to which another may not pretend as well as he. This, taken from Chapter 11, leads us to a conclusion that three things in the Nature of man bring out complexities that cannot be resolved and lead to tyranny and war. These are competition, diffidence and glory. Mankinds self-instincts for†¦show more content†¦It is this quest for glory that drives Cromwell, and it is this failure to enjoy peace that is picked up in another of Marvells poem that I shall discuss later, ‘Upon Appleton House. For Cromwell, he reflects mans instinct to follow their ‘active star and indulge in battle to protect own interests. So the fact that Cromwell actually is a representation of war, could actually be a negative trait, bringing up an ambiguity also targeted in Norbrooks article, that ‘the poem could be either a satire or a eulogy of Cromwell. (Page 148) In Marvells poem, it is ‘Nature that hateth emptiness, and so a void has to be filled. It is natural for Cromwell to become ‘the hunter, and make Charles ‘the hunted, (Page 157) as Norbrooks article also suggests. Charles representation differs vastly to Cromwells. The monarch, who possesses more power than Cromwell, is reduced to meek submission as he suffers his execution that is staged by Cromwell. He reflects the leader who does not represent the values of man, and is overthrown in a warlike gesture. It is once again a Hobbesian concern. However, it is possible to interpret Charles inclusion in the poem as one that Marvell instils with grace and dignity, as ‘he bowed his comely head, ‘nor

The Right to Clean Water Is Non-Negotiable Free Essays

The Right to Clean Water is Non-Negotiable Paula Weyand American Sentinel University â€Å"The International Council of Nurses (ICN) believes that the right to clean water is non-negotiable† (ICN, 2008). The ICN calls for all nurses and professional organizations to work with local government to lobby for safe water. Nurses should also work with national and international entities to ensure safe water supply and to protect the global water supply from intentional sabotage. We will write a custom essay sample on The Right to Clean Water Is Non-Negotiable or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nurses can begin by lobbying for regulations that provide access to safe water for all people. The ICN’s position statement for universal access to clean water supports the Millennium Development Goal Seven (MDG7), the number of people without access to safe water and basic sanitation will be cut in half by the year 2015 (WHO, 2013). Clean water is necessary for optimum health. Statistics The ICN Position Statement, universal access to clean water, is important for nurses because â€Å"dirty water and poor sanitation kill more children than AIDS, Malaria, and Measles combined† (â€Å"World water day 2013,† n. . ). More than one billion people do not have access to clean water and more than two billion people do not have access to â€Å"improved sanitary facilities† (WHO, 2013). World Health Organization, WHO, also reports that more than two million people die every year, due to mostly preventable diarrhea conditions. Many of the two million that die every year due to lack of clean water, and lack of sanitary conditions, are children under the age of five (WHO, 2013). Drop in the bucket is a non-profit organization that builds wells and sanitation systems at schools in Africa; they report â€Å"more people have access to a cell phone than a toilet† (â€Å"Solutions,† n. d. ). World Water Day Many groups are working to meet the MDG 7: WHO, UNICEF, CARE USA, Drop in the bucket, and many more. World Water Day 2013 is March 22; this day is set aside to raise awareness that many of our global population do not have the basic sanitary needs that most of us in the United States take for granted. Helene Gayle, President and CEO of CARE USA, suggests that â€Å"we must work together to raise awareness† and that â€Å"on World Water Day, March 22, join us by standing in solidarity with people in poor communities† (CARE USA, n. d. ). Meeting MDG7 will also help meet Millennium Development Goal Two, MDG2, achieving universal primary education, Goal Three, MDG3, promoting gender equality and empowering women and Goal Four, MDG4, reducing child mortality. Dirty Water Complications Cleaning up the water is not as simple as it may initially sound. To have clean water there must also be basic sanitation. In many areas of the world, people get their drinking water from the same place that they wash in. WHO reports that over one billion people defecate in the open, causing environmental contamination (2013). The open defecating causes increased incidence of cholera, shigellosis, hepatitis, salmonellosis, and possible infestation of worms. Clean water and soap are also necessary for hand washing. Miller, and Gibson indicates that not having enough clean water can also contribute to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, problems with incontinence, constipation and urinary tract infections (2012). Education is needed to teach the importance of good hygiene. In areas without clean water access, the burden to get clean water is on women and girls. The women must walk to the nearest clean water, sometimes spending hours walking every day to obtain the clean water. Women would have more time to earn an income if they were not spending time fetching water for their family. â€Å"Over 40 billion work hours are lost in Africa [due] to the need to fetch drinking water† (â€Å"Billions struggle without clean water or basic sanitation,† 2005). CARE USA encourages women to lead their families and communities in teaching and educating the importance of essentials, like hand washing (n. d. ). Many of the schools do not offer clean water, if the children want water to drink, or to clean with, they must carry it to school in containers. Some children will avoid using the open latrines at school because of flies, foul odor, and lack of privacy. If the girls are going to school, they will usually quit school at the age of puberty because of the embarrassment associated with the menstrual cycle, and the lack of soap and water (CARE USA, n. . ). Having basic sanitary abilities and clean water can keep the girls in school, fulfilling MDG3. Due to lack of basic sanitation, girls will often hold their bowel movements until it is dark, which increases the risk of being attacked by wild animals, bitten by bugs or snakes, or being raped (â€Å"Four ways toilets change girls’ lives,† n. d. ). Care USA promotes a program call ed SWASH, (school wash), and works to provide clean latrines, soap and water, and touts that the program â€Å"prevents disease† and the girls will stay in school (CARE USA, n. d. ). Ending Open Defecation Contamination of water by fecal coliform is usually due to poor management of resources (Massoud, Al-Abady, Jurdi Nuwayhid, 2010). â€Å"Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS) is supported by UNICEF and is in 50 countries around the world† (UNICEF, n. d. ). The individuals from the communities work together to end open defecation, by setting their own goals, and working together to design a program to suit the needs of the community. Even areas of extreme poverty such as Sudan have been able to have success in five communities demonstrating that poverty is a barrier that can be overcome. No operation in the world can provide toilets for 1. 1 billion people. They have to do it for themselves – with support. And we’ve found, in fact, that it is only when they do it for themselves that the changes are achievable and sustainable† (UNICEF, n. d. ). When a goal is set by the people who are trying to achieve it, they are more likely to be inspired to suc ceed. Water Treatment Options A centralized solution to the rural communities of the globe is not a practical solution. Solutions need to be available where the people are, at the point of use. One way to clean the water is by boiling. Boiling water costs roughly ten dollars per person, per year. Wood for the fire is not available everywhere and the smoke from the fire can cause respiratory problems. Another way to clean water is with a sand filter, but most sources suggest this is not practical due to the size and cost. The size is too large for the average family and the space is not available to store the unit. Using bleach is another option to treat water. Bleach is relatively cheap water treatment. A con to using bleach is that there can be a bleach odor or taste. Solar disinfection is another method being used to treat water. It is not as effective if the water has a high level of turbidity. Procter and Gamble PUR water purification system is a disinfection system that is easy to use and works well at removing pathogens. PUR can leave a ‘bleachy† taste and odor. Using the PUR water treatment system cost approximately six dollars per person, per year (â€Å"Water, sanitation, and health in developing countries,† n. d. ). Successful Ideas Drop in the bucket has several inspirational ideas on how to assist communities in obtaining clean water and basic sanitation. Using â€Å"sewage eater flush toilets† in areas that have open pit latrines is an improvement in sanitation. The toilet does not use electricity, and it treats the sewage using microbial activity. This is a low maintenance option due to the microbial activity being self-sustaining. The sewage eater flush toilets do not smell, or attract flies, and never fill up. Drop in the bucket recommends hand washing after using the restroom to decrease the spread of pathogens and disease. Since it is not recommended that a water source be near the sanitary facilities, Drop in the bucket supports use of a â€Å"round about†. The â€Å"round about† is essentially a merry-go-round, and uses the energy of children at play to pump water to a water tower near the sanitary facilities. The water tower provides water for the hand washing stations that are located at the base of the tower. Drop in the bucket supports â€Å"essential flow funding†. â€Å"VSLA program is a highly structured system of saving, borrowing and lending money generated from local contributions that provides a financial incentive for those in the community to maintain the wells† (â€Å"Solutions,† n. d. ). The program is set up to maintain water supplies for communities and is operated by members of the community. The well and pump are installed, and local members of the community are trained to maintain and repair the well. The persons trained also get paid to maintain the well. The community members pay a small fee for use, which is then used for maintenance of the well. The money can be loaned to members of the community and used to encourage business ventures within the community (â€Å"Solutions,† n. d. ). The system provides a sense of pride through independence, and cohesiveness within the community. United States Water The United States has well established water and sewage systems in place, but has other problems. Many towns and cities have chemicals in their water supply that can cause cancer, lead poisoning, kidney failure, Parkinson’s disease, and many other illnesses. In 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act was created. At that time 91 contaminants were listed as unsafe to be in the drinking water. There are now more than 60,000 chemicals in the U. S. Since 1974 we have learned that many of the contaminants that were thought safe in large amounts are not safe in small amounts. The EPA has determined healthy levels of most of the chemicals, but the legal levels have not been updated. Communities are required to treat the water supply to keep the levels of contaminants below the legal level, when many times the healthy level is significantly below the legal level. In 2009 the New York Times published a series called Toxic Waters. This series listed several cities that have serious problems with their water supply. Arsenic levels in three cities were at levels that are associated with Cancer, the cities are Scottsdale, Arizona, Reno, Nevada and El Paso Texas, and these cities were still below the legal limits. Also, Uranium levels were high enough to cause kidney damage in Edmond, OK, Millville, NJ, and Pleasantville, NJ; again the levels were below the legal limits. In Los Angeles, a water reservoir was known to have chemicals in it that when exposed to the sun became carcinogenic; the reservoir was covered in black plastic balls to prevent the sun from entering the water. The reservoir is now an eye sore and the community does not understand why it needed to be done if the water tested below the legal limits (Duhigg Palmer, 2009). What’s In Your Water? Go to http://www. ewg. org/tap-water/ to find out what is in your water. In my area, the water supply has contained high levels of lead, radium 226, radium 228, alpha particle activity, and tetrachloroethylene. I was shocked. Jet fuel can be in the water supply in the United States and it will still comply with federal regulations, per the Safe Drinking Water Act. The contaminants that are regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act have not been updated since 2000. There has been inaction on updating the list of regulated contaminates because communities fear higher prices for their water, industry and businesses fear the cost will be too high to remove the contaminants and have lobbied against more regulations. The lobbyists have been successful. Conclusion The community needs to be aware of contaminates in their water supply and take steps to make changes. Talk to your congressman and representative, encourage them to update the Safe Drinking Water Act, using the knowledge that is currently available from the EPA, and make regular updates to the act. On a local level registered voters should approve tax increases for improved sanitation in the water department, to make the water safe to drink; the choice is to pay now or pay later with your health, an easy choice. If clean water were available to all people, there would be less sickness globally, and nurses could concentrate on other medical needs. In the long term, the fiscal savings will be significant. Nurses can support the ICN position that â€Å"the right to clean water is non-negotiable† (ICN, 2008) by supporting and joining professional organizations that lobby for clean water. There are also many opportunities for volunteering and fund raising that support the cause. The Millennium Development Goal Seven target, to cut in half those that are without clean water by 2015, should be met, but that sanitation part of the goal will not be met (â€Å"Billions struggle without clean water or basic sanitation,† 2005). The WHO/UNICEF Thematic Report on Drinking Water indicates that meeting the 2015 goal for safe water will still leave 672 million people without safe drinking water (2011). Without meeting this goal, girls will not get needed education, and children will continue to die from preventable diseases, as will adults. Florence Nightingale indicated that nurses should use the best methods that are available, that we should learn and practice those methods and that â€Å"health is not only to be well, but to use well every power we have† (Nightingale, 1851). References Billions struggle without clean water or basic sanitation. (2005). Journal of Advanced Nursing,  49(2), 223. Duhigg, C. , Palmer, G. (2009, December 16). That Tap Water Is Legal but May Be Unhealthy. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/12/17/us/17water. html? pagewanted=6 Four ways toilets change girls’ lives. n. d. ). Water. org. Retrieved from http://power. water. org/post/four-ways-toilets-change-girls-lives/ Massoud, M. , Al-Abady, A. , Jurdi, M. , Nuwayhid, I. (2010). The challenges of sustainable access to safe drinking water in rural areas of developing countries: case of Zawtar El-Charkieh, Southern Lebanon. Journal Of Environmental Health, 72(10), 24-30. Miller, J. , Gibson, S. (2012). Positive impact of water on children’s health and wellbeing. British Journal Of School Nursing, 7(1), 8-9. Nightingale, F. (1851). The institution of Kaiserswerth in the Rhine. London: London Ragged Colonial Training School. Solutions. (n. d. ). Drop in the Bucket. Retrieved from https://www. dropinthebucket. org/solutions/#toilets The facts about water. (n. d. ). CARE USA. Retrieved from http://www. care. org/careswork/whatwedo/health/water. asp UNICEF. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. unicef. org/ UNICEF and World Health Organization. (2011). JMP Thematic Report on Drinking Water 2011. Drinking water equity, safety and sustainability. Retrieved from www. wssinfo. org. Water, sanitation, and health in developing countries. n. d. ). Yale University. Retrieved from http://www. yale. edu/env/elimelech/Research_Page/sanitation/Sanitation_Presentation_2. pdf World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). MDG7: ensure environmental sustainability. Retrieved from www. who. int/topics/millennium_development_goals/mdg7/en/index. html World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Water supply, sanitation and hygiene development. Retrieved from www. who. int/water_sanitation_he alth/en World water day 2013. (n. d. ). Drop in the Bucket. Retrieved from http://www. dropinthebucket. org/learn/ How to cite The Right to Clean Water Is Non-Negotiable, Essay examples

Bond Valuations

Questions: Jasmine Ltd is considering issuing bonds to raise funds for a new project. The following three options are being considered. Bond Coupon Rate Coupon/Compounding Frequency Yield Term in years Face Value A 0% half-yearly 7.5% 5 $1,000 B 6.5% half-yearly 7.5% 10 $1,000 C 8.4% yearly 7.5% 8 $1,000 a) Calculate the market price of each bond. b) Classify each bond as either selling at a premium, par or discount. c) Assume Jasmine has decided to issue only B Bonds. If Jasmine Ltd needs to raise $465,260 how many bonds would need to be issued? Answers: Executive Summary The report contains solution to all the three questions regarding Portfolio Valuation, Bond valuation, and Share valuation. In Portfolio Valuation it was found that as the correlation between the two shares is negative thus investing in both the shares can lead to less risky portfolio. In the Bond valuation, the market price of each bond was calculated and it was found that the market price of Bond A is the least while the market price of Bond C is the highest. Thus if the investor wants to purchase a new bond then must purchase Bond A as it is currently at a discount. In case of Share valuation, the market price of the share for different scenarios were calculated and it was found that SuperGrowth has the highest market price. Thus the report helps in understanding the three topics and helps in valuation of different financial assets. Bond Valuation Given, Bond Coupon Rate Coupon/Compounding Frequency Yield Term in years Face Value A 0% half-yearly 7.5% 5 $1,000 B 6.5% half-yearly 7.5% 10 $1,000 C 8.4% Yearly 7.5% 8 $1,000 We know, Price of a bond is given by Where C = coupon payment, m = number of times payment made in a year, n = life of the bond i = yield rate F = face value a). The market price of bond A = P = 692.02 The market price of bond B = P = 930.519 The market price of bond C = P = 1052.716 b). The market price of bond A is less than the face value of Bond. Hence it is at a discount. The market price of bond B is less than the face value of Bond. Hence it is at a discount. The market price of bond C is more than the face value of Bond. Hence it is at a premium. c). The market price of bond B is 930.519. Thus for $930.519 the number of bond issued = 1 For 465260 the number of bond issued to Jasmine will be = 465260/930.519 = 500 Conclusion Thus all the three questions regarding Portfolio Valuation, Bond valuation, and Share valuation have been solved. In the first question it was found that as the correlation between the two shares is negative thus investing in both the shares can lead to less risky portfolio. In the second question the market price of each bond was calculated and it was found that the market price of Bond A is the least while the market price of Bond C is the highest. In the third question, the market price of the share for different scenarios were calculated and it was found that SuperGrowth has the highest market price. Recommendations Based on the calculations above, In case of Portfolio Valuation, if the investor wants a less risky portfolio he must invest a greater amount in share Jay but if the investor wants higher returns than he must invest a greater amount in share Kay. Also a mixed portfolio will result in higher return and less risky portfolio. In case of Bond Valuation, if the investor wants to purchase a new bond then must purchase Bond A as it is currently at a discount. Whereas if he has the bonds and is looking to sell then he must sell bond C as it is currently at a premium. In case of Share valuation, the investor should invest in SteadyGrowth as the growth rate and the dividend pay by the company is the highest among all the shares considered. Bibliography Parrino, R, Kidwell, D, Au Yong, H, Morkel-Kingsbury, N, Dempsey, M Murray, J 2011, Fundamentals of corporate finance, 1st edn, Wiley, Sydney.

The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana Review Essay Example

The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana Review Paper Essay on The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana Postmodernism clean water. So pure that even bacteria do not have))) To take though required direction roll with other authors there are not only woven into the fabric of the text, they are here the text itself! This is justified by the plot the hero reads a book of his childhood and gradually starts to recover lost memories As for nadsyuzhetnyh associations with authors, here I will mention only those who are particularly struck me: Fowles ( mantissa the beginning of a very similar the same awakening in the hospital, the same memory loss, only Fowles this topic did not disclose), Proust (apparently by the flow of thoughts, while some little thing awakens mysterious flame memories ) and Kundera (strange hero :)) We will write a custom essay sample on The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer it is a pity that it was not Eko ohozhe. Of course, the rejection of their own style, too, is in the spirit of postmodernism, but I wished that from eco have only the richness of vocabulary so book subjects ( Name of the Rose remembered) In general, post-modernism in the Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana blooms so that drowns out all the charm and subtlety of the novel. The plot is like there, but it has no content. The composition is built, but not completed. Style rovnehonko so that does not catch the eye and reveal the authors traits. What we have as a result? So that whether the novel was signed in the name of not Umberato Eco, he would have become the object of a caustic criticism: the idea is not worked out, talent, strength is not enough, the plot is stilted, the heroes of cardboard, and the author zauchka, zaznayka and upstart trying to swim to the other peoples quotes. but the time is Umberto Eco, then we say, the Apotheosis of postmodernism I can well believe that the views of other readers can be very different, but personally I would have made this novel a little more alive and natural, would both storylines (and childhood and adulthood), would reduce the attic part and asked for b s author to deliver elegant, but a clear point at the end, which in the novel is not there. Yes, it would be a completely different affair, and postmodern sequined he would not have shone. Instead, he would become one of my favorites! 🙂