Neighborhood Crime Prevention Program Essays

Neighborhood Crime Prevention Program Essays Neighborhood Crime Prevention Program Essay Neighborhood Crime Prevention Program Essay Neighborhood Crime Prevention Program Name: Course: Date: Neighborhood Crime Prevention Program Presentation Neighborhood wrongdoing counteraction program is a piece of a far reaching bundle that is executed to hinder and forestall wrongdoing inside neighborhoods by including the inhabitants. It includes a local watch where individuals watch over their neighbors’ wellbeing. It works through neighbors inside a habitation who should pay special mind to dubious issues and episodes and report them to the police before anything occurs (cityofboise.org, 2012). This aides in discouraging likely violations and guilty parties from carrying out their wrongdoings. It ranges from square watch, network watch, home watch and resident caution. Neighborhood wrongdoing avoidance programs emerged in light of accentuation in the inclusion of residents in improving anticipation of wrongdoing. It is probably the most established program of hindering wrongdoing in the United States. It was formally propelled in 1972 where residents were required to sort out themselves and work with the police and other la w authorization experts in preventing wrongdoing. Since its introduction, insights have connected it to more secure neighborhoods. Diagram of history and targets In 1972, a model of neighborhood watch program was made by the National Sheriffs Association. It was in a hunt of a wrongdoing counteraction program to address an expansion in wrongdoing particularly robbery (cityofboise.org, 2012). Be that as it may, its improvement began towards the finish of 1960s after the assault and passing of Genovese where a few neighbors were observers however never really help their neighbor. This brought about individuals framing gatherings to look out for their neighbors. From that point forward it has kept on developing the nation over. As of in the not so distant future, it was stressed considerably increasingly after the shooting of a high school kid by a man professing to be on a local watch. He left his vehicle to seek after the kid, which is against the job of a local program. The program doesn't permit neighbors to bring the law into their hands. Or maybe, they should report the wrongdoings. The primary objective of neighborhood wrongdoing program is dissuading wrongdoing and keeping likely guilty parties from carrying out wrongdoing through coordinated effort between the residents and the police division, just as making a feeling of network inside the homes. The targets could fluctuate in various areas relying upon the distinctive security needs inside various neighborhoods. In any case, there are general destinations that apply to all local wrongdoing avoidance programs as expressed beneath. Showing residents on the best way to keep their homes more secure and decrease the likelihood of falling casualties of wrongdoing through observing each other Encouraging occupants to turn out to be progressively familiar with one another and look for methods of making a solid feeling of network so as to cooperate towards ensuring their local Training residents in methods of revealing and acknowledgment of dubious episodes just as dubious individuals inside their habitation Opening up correspondence between the area, supports, law authorization offices and different partners so as to improve joint effort and coordination Increasing attention to residents on robbery issues and different violations through a persistent data and correspondence program Enlisting all inhabitants, homes, lofts and organizations inside an inhabitant in tasks recognizable proof Writing and hierarchical structure, tasks and practices of projects There have been a few bits of writing on the issue of neighborhood wrongdoing avoidance program. They have concentrated on investigates directed about their adequacy and assessments on their exhibition. A great part of the writing has related neighborhood programs with low crime percentage, proposing they are viable in deflecting wrongdoing. A great part of the writing survey has been directed by foundations, for example, the police and the government authority of examinations. A portion of the acts of the projects incorporate telling the police of dubious occurrences, working with police and framing joint effort with the neighbors. Moreover, its association appears as coordinated effort between the residents and police where the individuals are the eyes that recognize the likely wrongdoing while the police come in to intercede. Information or measurable examination As indicated by measurable investigation, neighborhood wrongdoing programs are viable in decreasing crimes. The information show a wrongdoing decrease impact of 16 to 26 percent National wrongdoing anticipation gathering. (2012). The prominence of the local projects has kept on expanding after some time with around 41 percent of Americans assessed to be living in networks secured with neighborhood watch. From the report, this was the greatest type of sorted out wrongdoing impediment program in United States (Bennett, Holloway, Farrington, 2008). Impact on wrongdoing and network From a few investigations, it has been demonstrated that local wrongdoing programs are viable in deflecting wrongdoing. They can forestall and diminish wrongdoing, too. Taking into account that it centers around keeping expected guilty parties from taking part in criminal conduct through joint effort between the residents and the police office, it effectsly affects wrongdoing and network, also. The greatest impact on wrongdoing is preventing the expected guilty parties from carrying out violations through alerts that show a zone has neighborhood programs. Then again, its capacity to hinder wrongdoing guarantees that areas can be more secure. It additionally empowers residents to assume liability of their own security and wellbeing through keeping an eye out for one another. The examination further blades that not the entirety of the local projects were fruitful. Some yielded no outcome in diminishing wrongdoing. The report refers to that regions with a high pace of wrongdoing are mor e enthusiastically to execute such projects because of the absence of trust among the neighbors (Gross, Ruoff, Laino, 2012). Execution Evaluation and resident cooperation/support In regions where the projects are effective, backing and investment of the residents is generally high to upgrade the wellbeing. The program doesn't work without legitimate coordination among the neighbors. In any case, for most zones where such projects have been actualized, resident investment has been ideal making them a triumph. Without the coordinated effort of police and the residents, such wrongdoings would scarcely work. Residents have assumed liability of dealing with their neighborhoods through association with the police. Execution has improved after some time with an ever increasing number of occupants sorting out neighborhood programs. All the more along these lines, procedures have improved where police reaction is very quick End As of late, neighborhood programs have been developing at a quick rate. By and large, a great part of the writing counseled has proposed that local wrongdoing anticipation programs are viable in preventing wrongdoing. Measurable information have demonstrated that it lessens the crime percentage by a normal pace of 16 percent. This is a direct result of its capacity to deflect wrongdoing inside neighborhoods (Gross, Ruoff, Laino, 2012). The projects function admirably if there is appropriate coordination between the resident and the police. Without such correspondence, there would be no accomplishment since the residents are journalists of dubious occurrences while the police intercede. In this way, without correspondence between the two primary gatherings it is difficult to discourage wrongdoings utilizing such projects. Notwithstanding, because of investment of residents in helping the police in preventing wrongdoing, achievement has been accomplished. It has had both the impacts of diminishing the crime percentage and building a feeling of network inside occupants. The projects are additionally to a great extent dependent on trust between the neighbors. The overview finding in the greater part of the investigates directed is that local wrongdoing counteraction programs are related with more secure neighborhoods. References Bennett, T., Holloway, K. Farrington D. P. (2008). Does Neighborhood Watch Reduce Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Division of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. cityofboise.org. (2012). Neighborhood Watch. Recovered from http://police.cityofboise.org/wrongdoing avoidance/neighborhood-watch/ Net, D.J., Ruoff, A. Laino, T. (2012). Neighborhood watch bunches think about practices after teen’s deadly shooting. Recovered from gazette.net/article/20120417/NEWS/704179990/neighborhood-watch-bunches consider rehearses after-adolescent s-fataltemplate=gazette National wrongdoing avoidance gathering. (2012). Neighborhood Watch. Recovered from ncpc.org/subjects/home-and-neighborhood-wellbeing/neighborhood-observe

Of Gods And Romans Essay -- essays research papers

Of Gods and Romans The Romans during the hour of their Republic depended on their trend setting innovation, social structure, administration and legislative issues to accomplish as much as they did. To these individuals, their divine beings influenced these components and the connections humankind had with them. The legally binding connection among humankind and the divine beings included each gathering in giving, and consequently accepting administrations. The Romans accepted that spirits living in characteristic and physical articles had the ability to control the procedures of nature, and that man could impact these procedures by emblematic activity. The main is a crude type of strict belief; the second a sort of enchantment. The administrations by which the Romans would have liked to impact the powers that guided their lives were immovably settled in custom - the custom of petition and the custom of offering. In either case, the specific execution of the custom was basic. One slip, and you needed to return to the start and start once more. The very variety of divinities caused issues, as did the sex of some of them: 'wether you be god or goddess' was a typical equation in Roman supplications. The inspirations of the penances are what of intrigue. More often than not, penances occurred for purging, request, or festivity. The decontamination ceremonial was one that was performed before fight (285). Requesting a deed to be done was exceptionally mainstream also. One for the most part requested triumph and favorable luck in fight (20). Festivity is the occasion that is by all accounts the most fantastic of all. Regardless of whether it is in delight of an enemies’ passing, for example, Mithridates (201), the finish of sickness of a pioneer like Pompey (218), or basically the cheer that comes after enormous triumph, we see this in Caesar’s rewards in Gaul (264). Some conciliatory occasions occurred so as to approach absolution and pacification for destruction of a strict foe (90 †91). Any conciliatory routine was detailed and muddled. The leader of the casualty was sprinkled with wine and bits of sacrosanct cake produced using flour and salt. At that point its throat was sliced and it was gutted to guarantee there was nothing untoward about its guts. On the off chance that there was, it was a terrible sign, however the entire procedure must be rehashed with a new creature until it came out right. The imperative organs were scorched upon the special raised area and the remains cut into pieces and eaten on the spot, or, in all likelihood dismissed. At that point the cleric, we... ...als to changes in social conditions and mentalities. To the Romans, the recognition of strict ceremonies was an open obligation as opposed to a private drive. Their convictions were established on an assortment of detached and frequently conflicting fanciful conventions, huge numbers of them got from the Greek instead of Italian models (90 †91). With no fundamental statement of faith to counter them, remote religions effortlessly made advances into a general public whose class-structure was being obscured and whose constitution was being changed by social change. The brightness of a portion of the major outside religions had significant fascination for those raised on custom made divinities of the hearth and fields. Contrast with present day society, the Romans appear to be amazingly eccentric. Be that as it may, at that point the present significant religions have all through their past debilitated, even fought, notions. Likewise present-day sciences and innovative world permit no place for odd notion. The Romans lived in a period past to this. Their reality was loaded with unexplained marvels, obscurity and dread. These qualities influenced each part of Roman life. To Romans, these notions were a consummately normal part in the connection among divine beings and men.

Is CPW a lie

Is CPW a lie Campus preview weekend (CPW) at MIT is just what it sounds likeâ€"a time for high school seniors to visit campus to see if MIT is really the place they want to spend their college years. The “weekend” itself starts on a Thursday, already an indication that it wildly exaggerates all that is good about life as a student. For the visiting senior, there is no stressâ€"no exams, no due dates, no daunting expectation of quality work or results. The definition of the MIT experience, however, is not complete without the acknowledgment that it is a place where you will most likely learn your limits, if you haven’t already. Pun not intended, but Im gonna roll with it. Once your “I just got into MIT!” high school senior self arrives to campus, you’re given a booklet with pages and pages of things to do from 8am to 1am, all jam-packed into about seventy-five hours. Nerdy, silly, sporty, food-offering, you name it, that type of activity is probably included. During my own preview weekend, I went to an event where pre-frosh and MIT students alike were sprawled on the floor building something with a pile of Legos that seemed to reach my knees. Knowing no one, I joined an upperclassman who invited me to help her make a duct tape hat. Others took turns playing Mozart’s Turkish March and the Mario theme song on the piano in the middle of the room. Nearby, an upperclassman excitedly scribbled equations and drawings on a chalkboard, colorfully explaining physics concepts that I could only scrape the surface of grasping. I soaked it all in and confirmed that MIT was for me. I was showered with labs, classes, ideas, opportunities, and lifestyles, and it was nothing short of inspiring. Sure, I knew it was “hard”, but it was clear that people here enjoyed working with each other, and even if it was hard, at least there were always interesting things to do and think about. This is the spirit of preview weekend. It’s the spirit of MIT. But is it really a preview of what MIT will be like? I don’t think most pre-frosh actually believe that it’s going to be as fun and happy as that weekend, but now I realize that the students who could speak to the darker defining times were probably in their rooms behind closed doors, waiting for the weekend to be over. Back in 2011, my host’s neighbor was an aerospace engineering major. Given my interest in the major I was curious to hear about what life was like for her, so we knocked on her door. I noticed that the few questions I asked were answered with such bluntness and lack of passion. Was it dishonesty? It looked as though a tornado had gone through her room, and it seemed as though she was just waiting for us to leave. When we left, my host mentioned that she had a lot of work due that week, and happily changed the subjectâ€"“You should go on a lab tour where I work!” I thought it was silly for her neighbor to be so despondent and cooped up; she was living so many people’s dream! Was it I who lacked objectivity or was it she? Sometimes pre-frosh ask how hard MIT actually is. But what does the sentence “MIT is hard” even mean? It means that come October of the first semester, midnight quasi-philosophical discussions about the future might become pset parties of frustration. Lists of things to do become as long as the infinite corridor, but unlike during CPW, they come with a price tag of your time and an expectation for them to be completed with excellence. At the core of what makes MIT challenging is learning the delicate balance between taking advantage of everything it has to offer and time management, all while doing a good job. Its possible and common to be so deep in piles of work that you will NOT be able to finish. (Example: I once made a 48-hour schedule of things I had to do and then realized I forgot to include time to sleep.) It means that even if you go to every recitation and lecture, you might still fail your exam, your interest in the material may vanish, and your mind will be so tired and full of the next thing you have to do and the last thing you haven’t done that it will likely become unable to think of happy things. You get an empty, sinking feeling in your stomach, and you wonder if you’ll be able to make it through the semester, let alone ever measure up to everyone else. You won’t be alone. In a poll done in 2012, it was found that more than half of the student body surveyed believed they performed below average as compared to their peers. To bring back Lydias Meltdown post, “There’s this feeling that no matter how hard you work, you can always be better, and as long as you can be better, you’re not good enough.” But you’ll probably feel alone at some point. My junior year I became so exhausted  from juggling things that I would be unable to get out of bed for hours, unable to make an emotional connection even with myself. When one of my good friends asked me how I was doing a few days before finals, I struggled to express the despair I was feeling. We were outside, and streams of tears rolled down my face in public. “I know I have no reason to be unhappy, but I just AM,” I told her. Her response helped me, “Remember when I went to your room to cry last semester and said the same thing to you? You probably didn’t understand it then, but now you do,” she said. It was funny how our situations had reversed. I finally understood that day. It didn’t really make me feel any different, though, and she told me to go to see someone at mental health. I didnt. By the time a given class graduates, 35% of students will have gone to get mental health help. And that percentage doesn’t include those who, like me, lacked a “good reason.” Eventually the semester ended, I went home, slept like a normal person, re-connected with old friends and took life day by day. I started to feel like myself again. Sometimes youre so busy and concerned with your work that you lose sight of the REALLY obvious, REALLY simple things in life, like take care of yourself. I look back on those days and feel tempted to laugh at myself. I shouldnt have put myself through that. Lately, people on campus have been putting more effort into de-stigmatizing depression and mental health issues that may come as a result of the high expectations and high stress environment. Just yesterday, a student sat outside 77 Mass Ave as part of a public art display: On the stand there was the following description: The display was the work of Jayne C. 16. Last year, one of my peers who overcame depression came back to campus and started a happiness club. The club was responsible for purchasing and lining up smiley face balloons all along the infinite corridor as a way to express solidarity with regards to upcoming finals and encourage people to be proactive about their mental health. During a senior speech dinner for people from the Latino Cultural Center last year, some seniors gave advice. Senior after senior discussed the importance of reaching out to other people when the semester gets tough. A few of them that I particularly looked up to talked about how they overcame depression while they were here, and how no one should never hesitate to make an appointment with someone at mental health if they felt unhappy for a long time. I had a hard time imagining these seniors being depressed. Their confidence and boldness made me realize that until people start realizing that many people feel unhappy during their time here, and that people should talk about it, the problem will persist. One of them talked about the alchemist statue in front of the Student Center. “It’s a hollow statue of a person made from numbers and symbols sitting with their knees to their chest. Do you realize that that’s the only piece of art that represents a human on campus? A hollow human. Everything else is geometric or abstract!” she said. “Remember that we’re not robots, and that everything will be okay. Where’s the humanity in the art on campus? Remember that the humanity on campus is in you.” When I ask fellow students whether or not preview weekend is a lie and if they should change it at all to be more representative of the experience, the responses vary. “It’s not a whole truth, it’s a necessary lie, it’s showing only the parts of MIT that happen once in while, but the best ones.” Most people seem fine with the idea that CPW is not a complete preview of MIT. One student said, “They should know that it’s not going to be this awesome all the time. How else will they know that we’re not just about studying, and that we know how to have fun?” Kristine 14, completely disagreed. “It’s not a lie at all!” She said. To her, CPW is a very good representation of what MIT is like. “Think about it: if you come here to do engineering or any other science it’s a very exciting environment. People say it’s a lot of work, but honestly, it’s their choice in the end.” Perhaps she has a point. On the student side, every preview weekend has somewhat disgusted me. The morning of the last preview weekend, my groggy, fashionless self got on the shuttle to go to class, half-unpeeled banana in one hand and a project that had left me with about 2 hours of sleep in the other. Behind my seat raved the energetic voice of a pre-frosh, unmistakable. I didn’t have to look back at him to know that his eyes are gleaming with anticipation and wonder. “There are so many things to do, and everything’s so interesting! ” He explained to his host, looking at his CPW booklet. “No matter what you choose to do, it seems like you can’t go wrong.” I blinked, noting the irony, memories of some late nights during my MIT experience that definitely went wrong flashing through my mind. I half-smirked in reaction to his perspective and at the idea that I was once just as excited and wide-eyed. Though I considered turning around and telling him he was wrong, I knew I didn’t need to. A different perspective leads to different valid points. This CPW, Ive been putting in more effort into meeting freshmen and telling them about life here. Even though it may not be an accurate preview of what life is like as a student, it sure gives you a reason for why it’s worth it to put so much work into something. Among other reasons, it’s for the chance to develop your strengths and discover all of your weaknesses. What I believe drives the success behind MIT students in the real world is that to survive here, you become an expert at rolling up your sleeves and summoning your grit. Any kind of progress, scientific or not, is not easy and sometimes seems to be at a standstill no matter how much work you put into it. In the process, you learn about what your boundaries are mentally, physically, and emotionally. You will learn the exact number of hours of sleep you need. You will learn how to accept failure with a smile. That’s what MIT teaches you, and what preview weekend shows if you look hard enough. After all, not every preview event goes perfectly as planned. Looking back at my CPW, when the upperclassman I had met realized that the duct tape hat fit neither of us, she was quick to amusedly say, “Oh that’s ok! If we make strips out of the brim, we can make it a purse instead!” *** Now Ill be off to enjoy my last CPW. Take a look at these elotes from LUChA! :D Post Tagged #LUChA

American Government Policies Promoting Separatism

Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. â€Å"Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States† (Rogers 6). Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. Wh ile this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability toShow MoreRelatedChina-Taiwan Relations 788 Words   |  3 Pagesis to extend its interest and power by supporting Taiwan, and the United States is committed to the defence of Taiwan, but confronted with China Mainland, it is not helpful to the U.S., so, to avoid the policy of the question of China-Taiwan drift, the U.S. administrations will have to make policy in the U.S. interest, not in Taiwan’s interest. 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Magnesium Facts (Mg or Atomic Number 12)

Magnesium is an element that is essential for human nutrition. This alkaline earth metal has atomic number 12 and element symbol Mg. The pure element is a silver-colored metal, but it tarnishes in air to give it a dull appearance. Crystals of pure magnesium metal. Lester V. Bergman / Getty Images Magnesium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 12 Symbol: Mg Atomic Weight: 24.305 Discovery: Recognized as an element by Black 1775; Isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy 1808 (England). Magnesium first came into use as magnesium sulfate or Epsom salt. The story goes that in 1618 a farmer in Epsom, England could not get his cattle to drink from a well with bitter-tasting water, yet the water seemed to heal skin conditions. The substance in the water (magnesium sulfate) came to be known as Epsom salts. Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 Word Origin: Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece (Davy initially suggested the name magnium.) Properties: Magnesium has a melting point of 648.8 °C, boiling point of 1090 °C, specific gravity of 1.738 (20 °C), and valence of 2. Magnesium metal is light (one-third lighter than aluminum), silvery-white, and relatively tough. The metal tarnishes slightly in air. Finely divided magnesium ignites upon heating in air, burning with a bright white flame. Uses: Magnesium is used in pyrotechnic and incendiary devices. It is alloyed with other metals to make them lighter and more easily welded, with applications in the aerospace industry. Magnesium is added to many propellents. It is used as a reducing agent in the preparation of uranium and other metals that are purified from their salts. Magnesite is used in refactories. Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), sulfate (Epsom salts), chloride, and citrate are used in medicine. Organic magnesium compounds have many uses. Magnesium is essential for plant and animal nutrition. Chlorophyll is a magnesium-centered porphyrin. Biological Role: All known living cells require magnesium for nucleic acid chemistry. In humans, over 300 enzymes use magnesium as a catalyst. Foods rich in magnesium include nuts, cereals, cocoa beans, green leafy vegetables, and some spices. The average adult human body contains 22 to 26 grams of magnesium, mostly in the skeleton and skeletal muscles. Magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia) is common and occurs in 2.5 to 15% of the population. Causes include low calcium consumption, antacid therapy, and loss from the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. Chronic magnesium deficiency is associated with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrom. Sources: Magnesium is the 8th most abundant element in the earths crust. While it is not found free it nature, it is available in minerals including magnesite and dolomite. The metal may be obtained by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines and seawater. Atomic Weight: 24.305 Element Classification: Alkaline Earth Metal Isotopes: Magnesium has 21 known isotopes ranging from Mg-20 to Mg-40. Magnesium has 3 stable isotopes: Mg-24, Mg-25 and Mg-26. Magnesium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 1.738 Appearance: lightweight, malleable, silvery-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 160 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 14.0 Covalent Radius (pm): 136 Ionic Radius: 66 (2e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 1.025 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 9.20 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 131.8 Debye Temperature (K): 318.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.31 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 737.3 Oxidation States: 2 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.210 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.624 CAS Registry Number: 7439-95-4 Magnesium Trivia: Magnesium was originally named magnium by Humphrey Davy after isolating the element from magnesia, known now as magnesium oxide.The 1915 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Richard Willstà ¤tter for his work with the chlorophyll and identifying magnesium was the central atom in its structure.Epsom salt is a magnesium compound, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4).Magnesium is the 10th most abundant element in the human body.Magnesium will burn in pure nitrogen gas and pure carbon dioxide gas.Magnesium is the fifth most common element found in seawater. Sources Emsley, John (2011).  Natures building blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).  Chemistry of the Elements  (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in  Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.Rumble, John R., ed. (2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-1385-6163-2.Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. Return to the Periodic Table

Antiphishing Free Essays

Name: B. sreevidya Rno: 08491D5804 FINDIND amp; STOPING OF PHISHING ATTACKS THROUGH ONLINE ABSTRACT: Phishing is a new type of network attack where the attacker creates accurate copy of an existing web page to fool users ex submitting personal, financial, or password data to what they think is their service provider’s website. The concept is an anti-phishing algorithm, called the Link Guard, by utilizing the generic characteristics of the hyperlinks in phishing attacks. We will write a custom essay sample on Antiphishing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The link Guard algorithm is the concept for finding the phishing emails sent by the phisher to grasp the information of the end user. Link Guard is based on the careful analysis of the characteristics of phishing hyperlinks. Each end user is implemented with Link Guard algorithm. Existing System: 1) Detect and block the phishing Web sites in time: If we can detect the phishing Web sites in time, we then can block the sites and prevent phishing attacks. But it’s difficult to find those phishing sites out in time. There are two methods for phishing site detection. a) The Web master of a legal Web site periodically scans the root DNS for suspicious sites. ) Since the phisher must duplicate the content of the target site, he must use tools to (automatically) download the Web pages from the target site. It is therefore possible to detect this kind of download at the Web server and trace back to the phisher. Drawbacks:-Many phishing attacks simply do not require a DNS name. For phishing download detection, clever phishers may easily write tools 2) Enhance the security of the web sites: The business Websites such a s the Web sites of banks can take new methods to guarantee the security of users’ personal information. There two method to enhance the security a) Using hardware devices: For example, a hand-held card reader b)Biometrics characteristic: e. g. voice, fingerprint, iris, etc. Drawbacks:-All these techniques need additional hardware and also will increase the cost. Therefore, it still needs time for these techniques to be widely adopted. Block the phishing e-mails by various spam filters: The phishers hide their identities when sending the spoofed e-mails, therefore, if anti-spam systems can determine whether an e-mail is sent by the announced sender the phishing attacks will be decreased dramatically. The techniques that preventing senders from counterfeiting their Send ID (e. g. SIDF of Microsoft) can defeat phishing attacks efficiently. SIDF is a combination of Microsoft’s Caller ID for E-mail and the SPF (Sender Policy Framework). Both Caller ID and SPF check e-mail sender’s domain name to verify if the e-mail is sent from a server that is authorized to send e-mails of that domain and from that to determine whether that e-mail use spoofed e-mail address. If it’s faked, the Internet service provider can then determine that e-mail is a spam e-mail. The spoofed e-mails used by phishers are one type of spam e-mails. the spam filters can also be used to filter those phishing e-mails. Spam filters are designed for general spam e-mails and may not very suitable for filtering phishing e-mails since they generally do not consider the specific characteristics of phishing attacks. 4) Install online anti-phishing software in user’s computers: Despite all the above efforts, it is still possible for the users to visit the spoofed Web sites. As a last defense, users can install anti-phishing tools in their computers. The anti-phishing tools in use today can be divided into two categories: blacklist/white list based and rule-based. a) When a user visits a Web site, the antiphishing tool searches the address of that site in a blacklist stored in the database. If the visited site is on the list, the anti-phishing tool then warns the users . They cannot prevent the attacks from the newly emerged (unknown) phishing sites. b) Uses certain rules in their software, and checks the security of a Web site according to these rules. Examples Spoof Guard and Trust Watch provide a toolbar in the browsers all the above defense methods are useful and complementary to each other, but none of them are perfect at the current stage. PROPOSED SYSTEM A. Classification of the hyperlinks in the phishing e-mails The hyperlinks used in the phishing e-mail into the following categories: 1) The hyperlink provides DNS domain names in the anchor text, but the destination DNS name in the visible link doesn’t match that in the actual link. For instance, the following hyperlink: lt;a href= â€Å"http://www. profusenet. et/checksession. php†gt;https://secure. regionset. com/EBanking/logon/ lt;/agt; appears to be linked to secure. regionset. com, which is the portal of a bank, but it actually is linked to a phishing site www. profusenet. net. 2) Dotted decimal IP address is used directly in the URI or the anchor text instead of DNS name. For example. lt;a href= â€Å"http://61. 129. 33. 105/secured-site/www. skyfi. Com/ index. html? MfclSAPICommand=SignInFPPamp;UsingSSL= 1†³gt; SIGN IN lt;/agt; 3) The hyperlink is counterfeited maliciously by using certain encoding schemes. There are two cases: a) The link is formed by encoding alphabets into their corresponding ASCII codes. See below for such a hyperlink. lt;a href=†http://034%02E%0333%34%2E%311%39%355%2E%o340o31:%34%39%30%33/%6C/%69%6E%64%65%78%2E%68%74%6D†gt; www. citibank. com lt;/agt; While this link is seemed pointed www. citibank. com, it actually points to http://4. 34. 195. 41:34/l/index. htm. b) Special characters (e. g. (in the visible link) are used to fool the user to believe that the e-mail is from a trusted sender. For instance, the following link seems is linked to amazons, but it actually is linked to IP address 69. 10. 142. 34. http://www. amazon. com:fvthsgbljhfcs83infoupdate@69. 10. 142. 34. 4) The hyperlink does not provide destination information in its anchor text and uses DNS names in its URI. The DNS name in the URI usually is similar with a famous company or organization. For instance, the following link seems to be sent from PayPal, but it actually is not. Since paypal-cgi is actually registered by the phisher to let the users believe that it has something to do with paypal lt;a href= â€Å"http://www. aypal-cgi. us/webscr. php? Cmd=Login†gt; Click here to confirm your account lt;/agt; 5) The attackers utilize the vulnerabilities of the target Web site to redirect users to their phishing sites or to launch CSS (cross site scripting) attacks. For example, the following link lt;a href=†http://usa. visa. com/track/dyredirjsp? rDirl=http://200. 251. 251. 10/. verified/†gt; Click here lt;agt; Once clicked, will redirect the user to the phishing site 200. 251. 251. 10 due to a vulnerability of usa. visa. com. B. LINK GUARD ALGORITHM: LinkGuard works by analyzing the differences between the visual link and the actual link. It also calculates the similarities of a URI with a known trusted site C. LINK GUARD IMPLEMENTED CLIENT: It includes two parts: a whook. dll dynamic library and a LinkGuard executive. Whook is a dynamic link library; it is dynamically loaded into the address spaces of the executing processes by the operating system. Whook is responsible for collecting data, such as the called links and visual links, the user input URLs. LinkGuard is the key component of the implementation. It’s composed of 5 parts Comm: This collects the information of the input process, and sends these related information’s to the Analyzer. Database: Store the white list, blacklist, and the user input URLs. Analyzer: It is the key component of Link Guard, which implements the Link Guard algorithm; it uses data provided by Comm and Database, and sends the results to the Alert and Logger modules. Alerter: When receiving a warning message from Analyzer, it shows the related information to alert the users and send back the reactions of the user back to the Analyzer. Logger: Archive the history information, such as user events, alert information, for future use. Software And Hardware Specification HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS * Hard disk:20 GB and above * RAM:256 MB and above * Processor speed: 1. 6 GHz and above SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS * Operating System: Windows 2000/XP * Documentation Tool:Ms word 2000 * Technology used : jsp,servlets,Apache Tomact 5. 5 * Database : Oracle XE How to cite Antiphishing, Papers

The Roswell Incident Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The Roswell Incident Persuasive Essay The Roswell IncidentForty-seven years ago an incident occurred in the southwestern desert of theUnited States that could have significant implications for all mankind. Itinvolved the recovery by the U.S. Military of material alleged to be ofextraterrestrial origin. The event was announced by the Army Air Force on July 8,1947 through a press release carried by newspapers throughout the country. Itwas subsequently denied by what is now believed to be a cover story claiming thematerial was nothing more than a weather balloon. It has remained veiled ingovernment secrecy ever since. The press release announcing the unusual event was issued by the Commander ofthe 509th Bomb Group at Roswell Army Air Field, Colonel William Blanchard, wholater went on to become a four-star general and Vice Chief of Staff of theUnited States Air Force. That the weather balloon story was a cover-up has beenconfirmed by individuals directly involved, including the late General ThomasDuBose, who took the telephone call from Washington, D.C. ordering the cover-up. Numerous other credible military and civilian witnesses have testified that theoriginal press release was correct and that the Roswell wreckage was ofextraterrestrial origin. One such individual was Major Jesse Marcel, theIntelligence Officer of the 509th Bomb Group and one of the first militaryofficers at the scene. On January 12, 1994, United States Congressman Steven Schiff of Albuquerque, NewMexico, announced to the press that he had been stonewalled by the DefenseDepartment when requesting information on the 1947 Roswell event on behalf ofconstituents and witnesses. Indicating that he was seeking further investigationinto the matter, Congressman Schiff called the Defense Departments lack ofresponse astounding and concluded it was apparently another government cover-up.History has shown that unsubstantiated official assurances or denials bygovernment are often meaningless. Nevertheless, there is a logical andstraightforward way to ensure that the truth about Roswell will emerge: anExecutive Order declassifying any information regarding the existence of UFOs orextraterrestrial intelligence. Because this is a unique issue of universalconcern, such an action would be appropriate and warranted. To provide positiveassurance for all potential witnesses, it would need to be clearly stated andwritten into law. Such a measure is essentially what presidential candidateJimmy Carter promised and then failed to deliver to the American people eighteenyears ago in 1976. If, as is officially claimed, no information on Roswell, UFOs, orextraterrestrial intelligence is being withheld, an Executive Orderdeclassifying it would be a mere formality, as there would be nothing todisclose. The Order would, however, have the positive effect of setting therecord straight once and for all. Years of controversy and suspicion would beended, both in the eyes of the United States own citizens and in the eyes ofthe world. If, on the other hand, the Roswell witnesses are telling the truth andinformation on extraterrestrial intelligence does exist, it is not something towhich a privileged few in the United States Government should have exclusiverights. It is knowledge of profound importance to which all people throughoutthe world should have an inalienable right. Its release would unquestionably beuniversally acknowledged as an historic act of honesty and goodwill. I support the request, as outlined above, for an Executive Order declassifyingany U.S. Government information regarding the existence of UFOs orextraterrestrial intelligence. Whether such information exists or whether itdoes not, I feel that the people of the world have a right to know the truthabout this issue and that it is time to put an end to the controversysurrounding it. .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa , .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa .postImageUrl , .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa , .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa:hover , .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa:visited , .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa:active { border:0!important; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa:active , .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u847a45d912f576ac9cae87032900e9fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Do Androids Dream Of Electric Sheep EssayTHE ROSWELL INCIDENT FILM -This film was taken by a high security government photographer, in the summer of1947, when the most thoroughly documented and witnessed crash of a flying sauceroccurred in a remote desert of New Mexico. (see the book, The Truth about theUFO Crash at Roswell, by Randle and Schmitt)After filming the amazing events, including the crash site and two autopsies,the cameraman turned over 300 minutes of 16mm black and white film to thePentagon. He still had 90 minutes of film left to develop at his private lab. Incredibly, the Pentagon never retrieved these remaining reels from him. Heended up taking them home with him in 1952, when he went on to civilian work. Hesecretly kept the film reels in his house, under his bed, for over forty years. The footage was sold by the cameraman (now 80 years old), last November, toLondon producer Ray Santilli, who

The role of the mentally ill and the dynamics of mental disorder A research framework

Article Summary The paper presents a sociological theory on the cause of a steady mental disorder. Although the evidences in support of the theory are based on previous formulations, Scheff develops a precise sociological theory that attempts to explain the cause and path of a stable mental disorder.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The role of the mentally ill and the dynamics of mental disorder: A research framework specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Using the concepts of the social institution of insanity, residual deviance, the societal responsibility of the individual with mental illness, and the divergence of the societal response such as denial and labeling, Scheff constructs a theory of mental disorder in which the psychiatric signs are thought of as violations of social norms, and stable â€Å"mental illness† to be a social role (Scheff, 1999). Essential to this theory are 9 proposals that require e xperimental processes. By restricting the forms of behavior that are to be covered, by basing the paper on previous findings, and by applying an entirely sociological approach (such as the theory of residual deviance), the author proposes a methodology in which the dynamics of mental disorder take place within the system consisting of the person exhibiting deviant behavior and those responding to it. According to the theory designed here, the basis for the initiation, maintenance and end of the deviant conduct referred to as mental disorder are parts of the social system, and cannot be separated, hence, from endopsychic forms of behavior. Fat is a Sociological Issue: Obesity rates in late modern, ‘bodyconscious’  societies This paper surveys the factors involved in the current spiraling of obesity rates in the contemporary society, focusing both upon the causes of the high prevalence rates and its effects. Crossley contends that rates of obesity have risen rapidly in the last two decades, causing some people to talk of an imminent crisis and compelling governments and health institution to react (Crossley, 2004). Many studies in the sociology of the body are centered on the social belief that certain ‘bodies’ are more acceptable than others, for example, slimness, fitness, and good health are socially acceptable practices. Proof of this assertion exists in the steadily rising number of health clubs in the UK and the corresponding number of subscriptions in the last decade.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another trend that exists next to exercise is that of dieting. Diet books are among bestseller listings, besides, food consumption in response to recommended diets are very significant. A large number of persons ascribe to weight watching clubs and associations, known as ‘body-conscious society’ (Crossley, 2004). B ody fat affects the BMI and a value of 20 -25 BMI value is deemed normal, a value less than 20 is deemed underweight while a value of 25-30 is considered overweight, with a value greater than 30 considered obese. Obesity varies with age, and narrowly with age and social class, with women at a higher risk of becoming obese. Due to the social concern, the author contends that the steadily rising rate of obesity is a social fact. This is evidenced in two ways, first, the statistics relating to obesity are normally given in societal perspectives, for example, obesity varies between individuals, and across societies, that is, it is a social variable. Secondly, the causative agent for the variation of obesity rates is social. Individual differences in levels of obesity, biological or psychosomatic, cannot be used to explicate on the variations in obesity rates. There are two broad causes of obesity: lifestyle and modernity. We do less physical exercise, live a sedentary lifestyle and use several labor saving appliances at home and at work, consumption of high-calorie foods has increased both in frequency and quantity. It worthy to note that social changes leading to a rise in obesity are related to class and gender variations, this is proven by the fact that obesity is lower among the lower class. The latter sections of the paper attempts to explain the relation between body and society and how fluctuations of the rate of obesity affect the society (illness and early death). This paper targets a general population, especially one that is at a higher risk of becoming obese. This is derived from the fact that it informs of the causative agents of obesity and prevention. It may also be useful to sociologists trying to understand the link between body and the society. Fat Ethics’ – The Obesity Discourse and Body Politics The paper examines how facts about obesity are presented and availed to the public, and the ethical concerns arising from the public†™s comprehension of obesity. Public understanding of obesity is frequently based on various sources of information that focus of cause and prevention of the disease, however, other health problems such as cancer do not receive similar coverage on the public domain, particularly relating to the ethical and moral elements.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The role of the mentally ill and the dynamics of mental disorder: A research framework specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Information availed to the public on the ‘obesity epidemic ’ through various media focuses on the grave effects of being obese, the scientific facts about obesity are restated to give authority and sureness to the allegations of the growing rates of the ‘epidemic’ (Rich Evans, 2005). In their attempts to give a grim picture of obesity, these reporters often err, for example, the link between weight, size, and health is not as significant as we are led to believe. It is obvious that obesity is a grave public concern with epidemic proportions, caused by failure to partake in physical exercises, consumption of fast foods, and alterations in our diets. While these are non-debatable scientifically proven facts, they are loaded with philosophies and cultural ideas about how we view ‘fatness’. A key characteristic arising from the obesity presentation is the weight accorded to ‘thinness’ and ‘weight loss’ as unanimously good. This belief arises from the perceived association between weight and health, the association far more complex as compared to the presentations in various media. Another discourse on obesity is on the morality of the body. Numerous reports take a communitarian approach that views the body as in need of protection. A communitarian approach has traditionally related harm to society not on individualistic terms, but by ‘rates of incidenceà ¢â‚¬â„¢ of some trend, for example, obesity is associated with persons of a particular social class. Such a presentation leads to the notion that our body is in need of protection from thee government, businesses and the broad social forces. There are some discourses, however, that take a more humanistic view to weight, shape and value the range of body sizes, for example, a person may be fat and healthy. This discourse has gained acceptance widely after studies showed that obesity is not linked to excess mortality. However, these alternative views take a lower position. Because of the media discourse in the public arena, people overestimate their vulnerability to certain health condition and this may create a moral panic that stimulates disordered connections with food and body. This paper mainly targets persons who are obese or have obese children, relatives, or friends. Persons who give significant weight to the weight-health connection as it informs the reader that the connectio n is not as simple as thought. The paper enables a deeper understanding of the social nature of obesity and public discourses related to it. Connection between Body and Mind The main article presents a sociological approach to mental disorder (mind) while the two supplementary readings present a sociological approach to obesity (body). The two sets of papers increases an understanding of the connection between body and mind.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the sociological theory used on the first paper focuses on mental disorder, the theories adopted in the other two papers explain the phenomenon of obesity, drawing on various sources to explain the social aspect of obesity, that is, how it affects and is perceived by the society. The theory of residual deviance attempts to explain the cause and path of a stable mental disorder, integrating purely sociological elements to present a methodology that explains the perceived link between mental disorder and the society’s response to it. The other two readings also adopt a similar approach to explain the link between society and (social groups) and obesity. The first paper informs us that norms that arise from social systems, or are considered significant by social systems, such as labeling of mental disorder as deviant behavior, are hard to eliminate. Reading the two papers, we observe a similar trend that pits social beliefs, such as weight-health connection, against scient ific evidence that shows the two are not necessarily related. References Crossley, N. (2004). Fat is a Sociological Issue: Obesity rates in late modern, ‘bodyconscious’ societies. Social Theory Health, 3(2):222–253. Rich, E. Evans, J. (2005). Fat Ethics: The obesity discourse and body politics. Social  Theory Health, 3(4): 341-358. Scheff, T.J. (1999) The role of the mentally ill and the dynamics of mental disorder: A research framework, in Traub, S.H. Little, C.B. (Eds), Theories of Deviance. State University of New York at Cortland, NYC, pp. 397-415. This report on The role of the mentally ill and the dynamics of mental disorder: A research framework was written and submitted by user Sage Rose to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why Nursing is a Popular Option for Career Changers

Why Nursing is a Popular Option for Career Changers Choosing a career is a momentous decision - one which holds the potential to lead to a lifetime of satisfaction †¦ .or misery. Not everyone gets it right the first time. Most recently, a trend is arising in which an increasing number of people in their 30s, 40s and 50s are pursuing second careers in nursing. Let’s take a closer look at this phenomenon. Supply and DemandThe nationwide demand for RNs is set to undergo a 21 percent increase by 2025, according to a December 2014 report from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ National Center for Health Workforce Analysis. These numbers fail to factor in emerging care delivery models which will see nurses in new preventative care and care coordination roles thereby further increasing demand. The demand for LPNs is also projected to increase at a rate of 36 percent.While the country is recovering from the recession and in the process of bouncing back, many people remain scarred by layoffs, cutbacks, and ot her threats to job security. The anticipated demand for nursing removes this fear from the equation, and instead promises a secure future.And while registered nurses may not bring home the same high paychecks as doctors, they do make a comfortable income: a median pay of $65,470 per year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.The Fast Track to a New CareerWhile switching to a new career can take years in some professions, many nursing programs off a â€Å"fast track† which can be completed in as little as 12 months for college graduates. While most people don’t have the time or financial resources to invest in a long, drawn-out period of training, nursing offers a great career with minimal investment.The Chance to Make a DifferenceMany people enter first careers motivated by money and prestige. However, as people age, their priorities change. This is particularly true for those who may have experienced their own personal health issues, or witnessed a loved one go ing through a health catastrophe.In many cases, nurses are the primary point of contact for patients and families, and can make or break the quality of care. Because of their tremendous impact, many new, aspiring nurses are inspired to become nurses themselves.And while nurses may not have the prestige of their fellow doctors, they have something perhaps even more important: the trust of their patients. According to a recent Gallup poll, nurses received the highest ratings for honesty and ethical standards, surpassing medical doctors, police officers, and even members of the clergy.While changing careers can be an immobilizing decision - how do you know if you’re making the right choice? - it can also be an invaluable â€Å"second act,† for many American workers. At any age or stage of your career, following your calling into nursing can have innumerable benefits†¦both for you and the patients you serve.

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Change - Essay Example Technical issues can be dealt with expertise while others require the managers to make use of emotional intelligence to control the matters. In a vast majority of cases, both occur together in the change implementation cases. Flexibility is the key to success in change management. Certain adaptive and technical competences are vital to be successful as a change manager. These competences have been presented in this article after a thorough analysis of past research pertaining to the subject. Change science is fundamental to bringing about the behavioral change in the workforce. It enables the leader to define the objectives, tasks and milestones in a way that is conducive for higher motivation in the workforce. Change art is required to manage the factors that are driven by behavior and emotions. Change leaders can get to know their initiatives more clearly using change art. Change art collects information from the surroundings, evaluates it and generates useful information for the c hange leaders so that they may realize the measures needed to raise the motivation of workforce. Change art places more emphasis on behavioral goals than technical goals and hence, may compromise upon technical specifications as deadlines and milestones.

International Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Marketing Strategy - Essay Example This has been done evaluating the current position of the hotel group and the future aims and goals of the same. 1.1 About the Company Holiday Inn is a significant brand of InterContinental Hotel Group. For more than 50 years, Holiday Inn has been offering its friendly and modern services. The company’s 1300 attractive and convenient facilities are spread across the globe. The brand is one of the most recognized hotel brands. The brand has recently been launched with enhanced and contemporary brand identity and image. The brand is expected to come up with enhanced consistency and improved service levels. 2.0 Situation Analysis Holiday Inn hotels are spread across various locations including North and South America, Middle East, Asia-Pacific, Central America, Europe, Africa, Australia and Oceania. Even in Middle East, the company has several hotels its facilities in Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. In this proj ect the consideration has been Holiday Inn hotels in UAE. This segment would analyse the current situation in UAE. In UAE, the hotel brand has its facilities in locations like Dubai, Sharjah and Abu Dhabi. 2.1 Internal Environment SWOT analysis has been used to discuss the internal environment of Holiday Inn in UAE. The company’s strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities are discussed to frame the strategies of this company. Strengths Holiday Inn is a significant brand which has its reach throughout the world. The hotel has attractive rooms and facilities to offer the customers a refreshed and relaxed experience. Apart from that, the hotels have almost all the amenities starting from the high speed internet services to the specific fitness amenities. The company has come up with family line hotels with the concept of ‘Kids Stay and Eat Free’. The hotel has also introduced rewards for the priority club members. These rewards include free hotel stays to some free airline miles. The company has recently re-launched itself in accordance to the changes in the market demand and trends. Another significant of the hotel is that it is a part of a leading group, IHG, which have a strong balance sheet. This would be helpful to spend more on capital expenditure to sustain the expansion and growth in the service industry. Weaknesses During the recession time, the hospitality industry has been suffering from declining demand. The purchasing power of the customers has reduced due to the economic downturn. This has reduced the demand for Holiday Inn. Apart from them, there are certain services like shopping malls and spa services are not there in the Holiday Inn hotels, which can emerge as the weakness of this hotel compared to other

Cat Food Industry In The UK

Cat Food Industry In The UK By using environmental analysis, it is possible for organizations to recognize existing opportunities and threats for companies, define strategies to best utilizing opportunities and also to minimize the bad consequences of threats (Arabi Parsaeian, 2001). And the most important, the analysis can provide a rational future prediction as a base for future strategy adjustment. The company can forecast the consumer tends in next decade and rearrange its products in order to capture the volatile market share in a long-term perspective. The remote environment has the origin of factors that influencing operating environment. In industry-level analysis, it is necessary to analyze a macro environment of a company and access its performance of competitors responding to external elements. The object of this paper is to analyze remote environment and operating environment of cat food industry at United Kingdom. Part Two will be industry definitions. The industry background will be introduced in Part three at three levels, global market, Western Europe market and UK market. Part Four will be remote environment analysis by using PEST model, followed by operating environment analysis in Part Five by using Porters Five Forces Model. 2. Industry and Product definition200 211 Wikipedia defines Pet food as plant or animal material intended for consumption by pets. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_food) Mintel defines pet food as any foods that are specifically formulated and marketed for pets, including treats (Mintel, 2009). In legislation, pet food means a feeding stuff for pet animals. To achieve the appropriate balance of nutrients pet food, manufacturers blend mixtures of ingredients including meat and fish, with vegetables, cereals, vitamins and minerals to produce foods that will satisfy the nutritional requirements of a pet(PFMA). It is typically sold in pet stores or supermarkets. And pet food is divided into three categories (Figure 2): dog food, cat food and other pet food (i.e. fish food, bird food). Pet Food sells in the form that either prepared or non-prepared. Figure 2 Pet Food Segment In this paper, cat food intends to be defined as food product specifically formulated for feeding of cats. For the purposes of this paper, some further definitions used by Mintel reports are as follows: Wet cat food C including wet canned cat food with a moisture content of 60-85% and semi-moist food with a moisture content of 25-30% and includes complete foods. Dry cat food C has a moisture content of around 10% and includes complete foods Treats and MixersC food supplement for cat. 3. Cat food industry Background 200 475 3.1 Global Cat Food Market Figure 3 (Source: Euromonitor International) According to data from Euromonitor, in 2009, the Global retail value sales of cat food reach US19.6 billion dollars, at a growth rate of 4%. Although Dog food continues to occupy nearly half of pet food and pet care market, cat food market posted a comparable CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 5 % during the period 2004-2008. This indicates that the economic downturn had slight impact on this industry. However, the rising rates of house repossessions contribute to the decline in the pet populations, especially in western economies. The recession caused the lack of consumer confidence which lead to backward sales of the whole cat food market at 2008, but the global market is still growing in 2009 as the ongoing trend of pet humanization that consumers want value-added products that extend both the quality and length of the pets life. 3.2 Western European Cat food Market Figure 4 The Western European market is the biggest in cat food consumption. In this region, there has been seen a strong tend towards polarisation between premium and economy cat food brands, with mid-priced products increasingly being squeezed between them. (Euromonitor) However, as shown in Figure 4, the trend of polarization eased during 2007 and 2009. Although premium cat food still bear a large portion, Consumers tend to be prices-sensitive that economy cat food ranges grow rapidly. Figure 5 Wet products remain dominant in Western Europe but dry products sales are growing. According to data from Euromonitor, the gap between wet and dry cat food continues to narrow. In 2005, wet food accounted for 55.5% of all cat food retail sales, but this figure is predicted to decline to 51.1% in 2009. 3.2 UK Cat food Market In 2009, the value sales of the whole cat food market reach ?996 million In the UK (Euromonitor). It is the largest market of Europe in the cat food sector. The consumer base for cat food is significant with 9.7 million cat owners. And cat population rose up to 10.5 million in 2009, from 10.2 million in 2008. The growth rate is mere 0.4% largely due to the real estate crisis in 2008. A large number of homeowners opt to give up houses that they can no longer pay off the mortgage, and some of them have to give up their pets since they have no ability to take care of them. This is also the case happened in dog food market. As a result, UK suffered great in dog and cat population (Figure 6), while Germany take the advantage and grow rapidly in this segment. Figure 6 However, the volume of product sold was flat, because consumers preferred smaller portion sizes as pouches to cans. Premium and super premium foods took increasing shares of the market, causing the general increase in the unit price. 4. Macro environment Analysis (PEST) 2500 4.1 Understanding PEST model 364 Understanding the macro environment of a certain business is vital for the reason that the managers can forecast the market tends and take advantages of the opportunities and minimize the threats by strategy adjustment. In the analysis of the macro-environment for an industry, it is of importance to identify the major factors that the companies are facing and that might influence the organizations internal operation such as supply and demand levels and its costs (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1991; Johnson and Scholes, 1993). Some models are developed to indentify the vast number of possible issues that might affect an industry. The PEST analysis is a useful tool to understand the whole trend of the environment in which the industry is operating. PEST analysis stands for factors as Political, Economic, Social-culture and Technological forces to influence the business macro environment. Sometimes two other factors (environmental and legal), can be added to form a PESTEL analysis model. In PEST analysis, Political factors include government policies and regulations to the industry, taxation, laws, trade restrictions and tariffs etc. The economic factors concerns changes in the wider economy such as economic growth or decline, interest rates, disposable income, exchange rates and inflation, etc. Social-culture factors refer to demographic, age distribution, social welfare, population growth rate, changes in lifestyle and consumer buying patterns, etc. The technological factors relate to the development in technology such as application of new inventions, RD activity, automation, etc. PEST analysis can be effective for business and strategic planning, marketing, product development and research reports. Kotler (1998) claims that PEST analysis is a useful tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The analysis examines the impact of these factors on the industry. Byars (1991) believes that PEST analysis results can be used to take advantage of opportunities and to make contingency plans for threats when preparing business and strategic plans. Porter (1985) also indentifies by using PEST analysis, the company can be aligned positively with the powerful factors of change and making decisions to fight against. Therefore, in this part, PEST analysis model will be used to explore the remote environment of the cat food industry at United Kingdom. 4.2 Apply PEST to Cat food Industry and Results 4.3 Understanding External Competition 4.3.1 Political 500 643 Cat food enjoys the political policies under the pet food category. Pet food industry is highly regulated and follows a number of industry codes and guidance to help manufacturers fulfill their obligations to manufacture safe pet food. (PFMA) There are more than 50 pieces of legislation governing the manufacture of pet food. As pet food is manufactured and distributed in the same way as human food, some legislation governing human food is equally applicable to pet food. Manufactures must ensure products are safe for cats, required by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). All legislation applicable to pet food originates from the EU in the form of Regulations, Directives and Decisions which are subsequently implemented into UK national law. (PFMA) It is indicated that Pet foods are subject to stricte legislation in the UK. It is able to ensure the safety and quality of products. For example, The Feeding Stuffs Regulations 2005 and The Animal By-Products Regulations 2005. A nd the legislation covering pet food ingredients requires that pet food involving meat based ingredients from animals should take veterinary inspections to make sure that it is qualified for pet consumption. The cat food market has been benefit for those regulations and the market predicts to be stable under political environment. Therefore, it will add confidence for consumers when purchasing these products for their cats. There are also a number of codes of practice to be followed by some association (FEDIAF, The European Pet Food Manufacturers Association) members in this industry which in some cases exceed legislative requirements. For example, since 2005, the EU Feed Hygiene Regulation believes that feed safety is considered at all stages of the production for pet food. The rules cover all processes relating to the manufacturing of the pet food, such as hygiene requirement, record-keeping, etc. The EU Feed Hygiene Regulation Commission recognized the FEDIAF Guide to Good Practice for the Manufacture of Safe Pet Foods and implemented the rules in 2010. These guides should be followed by all members of the community. It covers the detailed requirement of the nutritional needs for cats and dogs at different life stages. Members of the PFMA (UK Pet Food Manufacturers Association) follow the FEDIAF (The European Pet Food Manufacturers Association) Nutritional Guidelines when making pet foods. The guidel ines are updated at a regular frequency to include the latest nutritional research and are peer reviewed by independent nutrition experts throughout Europe. (PFMA) The new Animal Welfare Act came into effect in 2007 and was the first overhaul of pet law during the last 94 years. It sounds a piece of new to the cat food industry that pet welfare are becoming more and more important in the view of pet owners. BBC news broadcasted, The Act raises penalties for cruelty from the previous maximum of six months in prison or a ?5,000 fine, is the most significant new law on animal welfare for 94 years. For the first time, it legally reinforces the duty of care for pet animals. The duty of care includes that animals have a proper diet, are housed with or apart from other animals according to their need, have the ability to express normal behavior and are protected from pain, suffering, injury and disease. This rule is in accordance with the recent trend of pet Humanization that people tend to treat their pets as members of family. It indicates that cat food manufacturers are facing challenging that they need to forecast the trend of consumer consumption and make innovations. For example, it is the recent trend that consumers prefer organic food for pets. The new act also increases age from 12 to 16 for buying a pet. The cat food market sales will be suffered under this regulation; although no evidence has been released that to what extent it would be impact on the cat food sales. 4.3.2 Economic 500 378 (EURO) Strong economic growth drove surge in dog and cat populations in some markets According to Euromonitor International research, the cat populations have been rising steadily during the year from 2004 to 2009(Figure 7). The annual growth rate is 4% from 2004 to 2008. It is partly the result of strong growth in disposable income, and in large part as a result of rising residential property values. The real GDP growth averaged 2.7% in the UK between 2003 and 2007. There is a merely 1% growth from 2008 to 2009 as a consequence of real estate crisis. In the pet ownership, dog is the dominant pet in the percentage of owning households. But cat ownership has been increased from 21% to 25% of the total. However, the growth is not the possible future trend, for there is only 0.4% growth from 2008 to 2009. Figure7 Cat Population in the UK from 2004 to 2009 Figure 8 Cat Owning Households: % Analysis 2004-2009 During the latter part of 2008, economic plunged as the effects of steep decline in residential property values. Huge numbers of consumers who purchase houses at inflated prices found themselves unable to maintain the mortgages during 2007 and 2008. It caused the bankrupt of many financial services, and lead to economic recession. Millions of people lose their homes, and unemployment is rising rapidly in UK. This leads to the significant problem of pet abandonment in the UK. According to the reports of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), the number of abandoned animals rose by 57% in 2008. The number of abandoned cats rose by 50% and has remained elevated during early 2009. This has impact on the cat population and forms the reason for the slow rate of growth of cat food sales during this period. Trends towards Premiumisation were apparent in the cat food market. Cat owners prefer to single serve pouches to feed their cats. This format gets popular due to its convenience through single-use disposable style. It can ease of storage and serving. It is reported to be more gently cooked in these products than canned food. They perceive these as offering better quality food. Consumers are becoming more concerned with value for money. Many manufacturers are adding value to their mid-range brands by introducing new gourmet recipes and revamping packaging. 4.3.3 Social-culture500 650 Figure ? UK Household size, 2003-2013 From 2003, one-person household grow rapidly. Although two person household have been the major style, there is a sharp increase in one person household at the average growth rate of 5.12 from 2003 to 2008. People keep pets in the feeling of loneliness and Pets are increasingly considered a valued member of the family. Owners tend to have stronger bonds with their cats and often more of a sense of guilt at leaving their pets alone for long periods of time. According to the research of PFMA, 31% people keep pets for love, and 27% for companionship. (Euromonotor)Therefore, the trend to humanize the pets has emerged. The increasing rise of humanization promotes sales in the cat food sector, either in treats or gourmet foods. And it continues to be a driving force in sales of pet food and product development. Owners are caring pet health and chose organic, natural healthy cat food. Premium and super premium foods continue to represent larger portions of the cat food market. The trend of Premiumization cause general increase in unit prices per kilogram. But the volume growth has been flat as consumers switched from canned products to pouches with smaller portion sized. As their emotional attachments with their cats, owners want to care for the health and longevity of their cats by turning to this healthy recipe. In the UK this overall performance was largely driven by the wet category while the dry format is not popular and facing heavy discounting activity within supermarkets. In contrast with the global trend, wet cat food performs better than dry, with the wet cat food representing 74% of the overall cat food market. Its dry offering just has 22% in comparison. The popularity of wet cat food may relay on the different eating habits between cats and dogs. Similarly, the different eating preference lead to the popularity of single serve pouches that in line with the preference of cat food by cats. However, this single-use disposable format is providing the convenience to cat owners. It also offers the owners with a wider range of flavors to select for their small cat. But due to overfeeding and under-exercising, Pet obesity is rising with an estimated one in three household pets now overweight. The changing busy lifestyle of people causes the pets to be confined within home for long periods, and without enough exercise. Pet obesity is rather serious in cat for the gentle nature of cats than dog. In this case, Low-fat versions of products emerged such as specialized calorie controlled foods, foods according to levels of activity, and dietary supplements. (Mintel) Furthermore, prepared cat food sales remain high at 88%, even outperforming the sales in dog food market. The eating of cat is not easy to catch that the cat owners seek to convenient options to satisfy the cats. The prepared gap1 ratio in the UK is very high compared with other market, that it indicates a mature cat food market with less space for potential growth than that in developing market. According to Euromonitor, the high purchase of prepared products suggests little room for renewed growth in economy and mid-priced categories, since it is hard to develop new owners left to promote the sales. Convenience is a major driver for many owners in busy lifestyle. In terms of distribution within cat food market, the vast majority of pet foods continue to be distributed by large supermarkets as consumers seek convenience in one-stop shopping venues. Grocery retailers dominate the channels with 75% of value sales in 2008.People can select all arranged cat food in supermarkets, either premium or economy offerings. However, the sales of premium cat food is largely due to pet superstores and veterinary clinics, for the reason that the face-to-face recommendation of a pet expert is a key factor in encouraging pet owners to trade up to more premium products for their cats.(Mintel) 4.3.4 Technological500 419 It is acknowledged that the market was driven by technological innovation. Although economic recession has impacted new product development, it also brings challenges and opportunities. The pet food market has proved to be less impact by economic downturns, as the recent report says that consumers tend to not turn to cut the budget for their pets in case of the distressing economic circumstances. Consumers will cut down the spending over holidays, travels, and luxury buying habbites other than considering the already tiny budget in cat food. Report says that those who used to purchase premium pet food will continue this buying, while those used to purchase mid-priced and economy products are likely to be suffered. They are more price-sensitive. Pet food manufacturers respond to this trend by adding value to customers and give more benefits in their cost base. Cutting price is not usually a good idea in pet food in terms of establishing brand loyalty. Manufacturers are focusing on innovation by adding more value to mid-ranged products to maintain the sales from this group. However, premium and super premium foods continue to represent larger portions of the cat food market. The trend for owners to humanize their pets shows that human food trend leads the innovation of pet food trend. New technology focused on making production more natural, with more organic ingredients, and more close to human tastes. Many pet food manufacturers are launching new products in line with this trend by adding resemble human meal ingredients to offer human grade product to pet consumption, especially in the sector of wet cat food(Euromonitor). For the customers with affluent buying power, they are willing to spend on the high qualified pet products and apply the nutritional needs in the pet diets. Manufacturers seize their attention by producing products with more organic ingredients, free of additive and ethical standardized. In 2009, the sales of cat treats have grown at a current value of 4%. The humanization trend to the pet indulgence results the pushing sale of functional treats (Euro. Mintel). It is aligned with the increasing specification of cat food in different age groups as well as the detailed categorization of pet food with different nutritional needs. Although the sales of cat treats in not a necessary product and shares only small portion of cat food industry, manufactures are extending this market by the real estimate of little future growth in the mature cat food market in the UK. Future innovations and technology are seen in this particular product range. 5. Micro Environment Analysis (Poters five forces Model) 2600 The micro environment analysis of a certain industry concerns the internal competition within the industry by evaluating the performance among competitors. The operational Environment of the companies can be analyzed through the structural analysis by using Porters five forces analysis. 5.1 Understanding Porters Five Force Model 400 There are many methods concerning the analysis of organizational economic competitive advantage. The most popular and available tool in the operating environment analysis is Porters five forces analysis. It is developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. Porters five forces analysis is a framework for the industry structural analysis and business strategy development. According to Porter (1980), the five forces are served in understanding the micro environment of industry, in which the company is influenced in its ability to serve the customers and maximize the profit. As shown in Figure ?, the model identifies five factors of pressure within an industry including intensity of rivalry, threats of new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, substitute threats and bargaining power of suppliers. It uses concepts that derive the five forces to determine the competitive intensity and the possible changes among industry competitors. It will provide evidence for company to reassess the volatile marketplace. Figure? Porters Five Force Analysis Pattern As is discussed above, the competitive nature of an industry is strongly affected by suggested Porters five forces. The detailed evaluation elements of each factor are shown in Figure ?. However, it is not the five factors that determine the structure of the industry, but to indentify it and make use of the markets. The structure of the industry itself plays a vital role in the environment. By recognizing this fact, I am going to explore the operating environment of cat food industry at United Kingdom by using Porters Five Forces analysis model. The objective of this task is to present the micro environment inside the industry and competitive arena among competitors. 5.2 Applying the five forces model and Results 200 A five forces analysis allows an organisation to consider the relative attractiveness of different industry sectors when making strategic choices about exiting or entering particular sectors and markets. Close analysis of these forces can allow an organisation to find a position in the sector where it can best defend itself against them or, most effectively, influence them 5.3Understanding the internal competition 5.3.1Competitive Rivalry 400 Porter describe that competitive rivalry was to analyze the intensity of competition between existing companies within an industry. Industries with high competitive pressure will impose pressure on prices, sales margins, and even on profitability for the single unit in the industry. According to the data collected from the Euromonitor International, the UK cat food market was dominated by the two companies, Nestl Purina Ltd and Masterfoods UK Ltd, as shown in Figure?. In 2008, Nestl Purina contained about 35% value share, followed by Masterfoods with approximate 33%. They are equally balanced in the UK cat food market. Figure ? Cat Food Company Shares at UK in 2008 It means that the competition would be very high in this industry for the two giant retailers: Nestl Purina Ltd and Masterfoods UK Ltd. The entry barriers in the cat food industry are very high. As a result, the potential growth of individual company would be largely depending on the RD (PFMA 2009). The pressure coming from the market and looking for opportunities for progress is the main reason that companies in this industry initiates the competition. Nestl S.A. is a global organization with headquarters based on Switzerland. Nestl Purina Pet Care Company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nestl S.A.. As undoubtedly the global leader in this market, the company reported sales at US$3 billion during 2008, with 11.5% organic growth and 5% internal growth at an annual rate. (Mintel) It is largely due to the sales of resilient market for premium and super-premium Purina brands. Nestl Purina led the UK cat food market with a 35% share of cat food with the brand as Felix, Go Cat and Purina ONE. Nestl Purina attributes its success to continued innovation and new product development across a range of price brackets. This behaviour attracts those consumers who are pursuing the specialized and healthy food for cats. It is viewed as a key driver of market growth. As a family owned company, Mars Incorporated operates six business segments including Chocolate, Pet Care, Wrigley Gum and Confections, Food, Drinks and Sym-bioscience. The company is also operating a global business, generating annual revenues of over US$28 billion. Masterfoods Pet Care followed closely to Nestl Purina at the second place with a 33% value share at UK cat food market. According to the Mintel reports, the success of Mars is supported by its key brands of Whiskas and Kitekat with brand shares of 26% and 4% respectively in 2008. Figure ? Cat Food Company Shares 2004-2008 As shown in Figure?,the seller concentration in this industry is very high. The major tow competitors are equally balanced. Mas has been performed better than Nestl Purina during the period form 2004 to the mid of 2007. There is no obvious gap between them. However, the Mars lose some shares in the market at 2008. The sales of the two companies are fairly static, giving out an impression of little space to grow. Moreover, other firms are struggling in this sector with mere share growth in the market. Fortunately, the competition in this market is stable, and the general unit price on cat food product is modest without massive fluctuations. It would be a very good aspect, since if price reduction happens in one firm, it will be rapidly followed by other competitors and consequently have impact on all companies income (Sadeghi, 2004). Given an increasing demand for more natural and convenient products in the market, the competition inside is very high. Exiting firms mainly focused on innovation to achieve expansion. Nestl Purina Ltd increased its market share by 0.7% from 2004, due to its launched premium brand Purina One. (Euromonitor 2009a) Hills Pet Nutrition Ltd, with 1.2% growth in its market value from 2004, launched series products in kitten, adult and senior range. (Euromonitor 2009a) It also had some innovation in packaging (Mintel 2006). Firms won better market position through advertising and promotion as well. Town and Country Petfoods Ltd twice its market shares since 2004, based on TV campaign and promotion. (Mintel 2006) It launched a premium brand HiLife with adverting and promotion more than ?1m in 2005. (Mintel 2006) Furthermore, incumbents worked on improving service. Oscar Pet Food UK provided face-to-face service, even home visit. (Precision 2003) In 2005, Town and Country Petfoods Ltd re-laun ched its website to delivery product information and professional advice online. (Mintel 2006) In addition, firms achieved expansion by merger and acquisition. Early 2001, Nestl bought Purina for ?10b, and then launched Purina One in the UK market.( David 2004) Six month later, Masterfood bought EUs largest nutritional pet food manufacture, Royal Canin. (David 2004) 5.3.2 Threat of substitute400 5.3.3 Buyer power400 Entrenched brand loyalty provides challenges and opportunities for retailers While tentative signs of economic stabilisation have begun to emerge during the second half of 2009, global consumer sentiment remains for the most part fragile. With unemployment continuing to rise (albeit at a slower pace than previously), household debt levels elevated and disposable household income still depressed, consumers are likely to retain a heightened sensitivity to price for some time. This presents both a challenge and an opportunity for retailers, particularly in pet food, as consumers in this segment are unusually brand loyal. As a result, larger retailers, particularly pet superstores, may continue to gain market share by leveraging the economies of scale they enjoy by offering consumers their favourite pet food brands at a cheaper price, rather than attempting to market cheaper alternatives to them. 5.3.4 Supplier power400 Private label remains vulnerable to rising costs Nor has the ability to raise prices been confined to the upper end of the market. Canadian-based private label pet food manufacturer Menu Foods scraped back into profitability during the first quarter of 2009 for the first time since the March 2007 recall. It earned US$54,000 (compared with a year-earlier loss of US$2.2 million) on sales of US$84.1 million, up 51.3% year-on-year. This increase was largely due to three price increases that totalled almost 14%. However, these price increases may not be sustainable in the short term. According to the company, as a consequence of our price increases, a number of customers whose volume represented 6.7% of total volume in the first quarter advised that they will stop buying from Menu during the second quarter. This demonstrates that private label manufacturers remain at a fundamental disadvantage to manufacturers of branded products in terms of their ability to sustain higher pricing. In Europe, private label manufacturer Provimi Group is experiencing similar difficulties. Provimi, which sells pet food throughout Western and Eastern Europe, including Russia and Ukraine, reported a 9.9% year-on-year increase in pet food sales during the first quarter, attributing this increase to a growing demand for private label products. However, it stated that its profit margins on pet food were negatively impacted by a sharp increase in the cost of cans that the Group was not able to pass on to its customers. 5.3.5 Barrier of new entry/threat of entry400 A few firms achieved to enter the cat food market successfully during the last decade. They operated mainly in three ways. First, these firms expanded into this market on the base of their original business. They are enjoying the benefits of the background in the pet products industry before. For example, Butchers Pet Care Ltd originally produced dog food only. In 2000, it successfully entered the cat food market by introducing new cat food product. (Euromonitor 2009f) Second, they entered by ways of merging or acquiring incumbents. In 1999, PG entered UK pet food market through acquisition of Imas, which is a historical pet food company established in 1946. (Mintel 2006) Third, they accessed to the market using own brand and labe